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The EMR: Every Step Conference is an interactive day to learn about what's new in certified Electronic Medical Records (EMRs), participate in EMR vendor training, network with your peers and visit the vendor showcase. This is Canada's largest EMR conference series and is an ideal venue to get inspired on how to get more benefits from your EMR!The conference theme, From Potential to Practice, is focused on four educational streams to inspire you to improve your EMR use to enhance patient care and practice efficiency. Most sessions are eligible for Continuing Medical Education (Mainpro M1) credits.The conference leverages the EMR experiences and expertise of Physician, Clinic Manager and Nurse Peer Leaders along with other physicians and EMR specialists who have developed the concurrent sessions.

The EMR: Every Step Conference is an interactive day to learn about what's new in certified Electronic Medical Records (EMRs), participate in EMR vendor training, network with your peers and visit the vendor showcase. This is Canada's largest EMR conference series and is an ideal venue to get inspired on how to get more benefits from your EMR!The conference theme, From Potential to Practice, is focused on four educational streams to inspire you to improve your EMR use to enhance patient care and practice efficiency. Most sessions are eligible for Continuing Medical Education (Mainpro M1) credits.The conference leverages the EMR experiences and expertise of Physician, Clinic Manager and Nurse Peer Leaders along with other physicians and EMR specialists who have developed the concurrent sessions.Show More.

. expyuzz4wqqyqhjn.onion Tor is for enabling. The name is derived from an acronym for the original software project name 'The Onion Router'. Tor directs Internet traffic through a free, worldwide, volunteer consisting of more than seven thousand relays to conceal a user's location and usage from anyone conducting. Using Tor makes it more difficult to trace Internet activity to the user: this includes 'visits to Web sites, online posts, instant messages, and other communication forms'. Tor's intended use is to protect the personal privacy of its users, as well as their freedom and ability to conduct confidential communication by keeping their Internet activities unmonitored.Tor does not prevent an online service from determining when it is being accessed through Tor.

Tor protects a user's privacy, but does not hide the fact that someone is using Tor. Some websites restrict allowances through Tor. For example, blocks attempts by Tor users to edit articles unless special permission is sought.is implemented by in the of a stack, nested like the layers of an. Tor encrypts the data, including the next node destination, multiple times and sends it through a comprising successive, random-selection Tor relays.

Each relay decrypts a layer of to reveal the next relay in the circuit to pass the remaining encrypted data on to it. The final relay decrypts the innermost layer of encryption and sends the original data to its destination without revealing or knowing the source IP address. Because the routing of the communication was partly concealed at every hop in the Tor circuit, this method eliminates any single point at which the communicating peers can be determined through that relies upon knowing its source and destination.An adversary may try to de-anonymize the user by some means. One way this may be achieved is by vulnerable software on the user's computer. The had a technique that targets a vulnerability – which they codenamed 'EgotisticalGiraffe' – in an outdated browser version at one time bundled with the Tor package and, in general, targets Tor users for close monitoring under its program.

Attacks against Tor are an active area of academic research which is welcomed by the Tor Project itself. The bulk of the funding for Tor's development has come from the, initially through the. A illustrating Tor usageThe core principle of Tor, 'onion routing', was developed in the mid-1990s by employees, Paul Syverson, and Michael G. Reed and David Goldschlag, with the purpose of protecting U.S. Communications online. Onion routing was further developed by in 1997.The of Tor, developed by Syverson and computer scientists and Nick Mathewson and then called The Onion Routing project, or Tor project, launched on 20 September 2002. The first public release occurred a year later.

On 13 August 2004, Syverson, Dingledine, and Mathewson presented 'Tor: The Second-Generation Onion Router' at the 13th Security Symposium. In 2004, the Naval Research Laboratory released the code for Tor under a free license, and the (EFF) began funding Dingledine and Mathewson to continue its development.In December 2006, Dingledine, Mathewson, and five others founded, a -based research-education responsible for maintaining Tor. The acted as The Tor Project's in its early years, and early financial supporters of The Tor Project included the U.S., the, and Netherlands-based.From this period onward, the majority of funding sources came from the U.S. Government.In November 2014 there was speculation in the aftermath of that a Tor weakness had been exploited. A source cited a 'technical breakthrough' that allowed the tracking of the physical locations of servers. In November 2015 court documents on the matter, besides generating serious concerns about security research ethics and the right of not being unreasonably searched guaranteed by the US, may also link the law enforcement operation with earlier in the year.In December 2015, The Tor Project announced that it had hired Shari Steele as its new executive director.

Steele had previously led the Electronic Frontier Foundation for 15 years, and in 2004 spearheaded EFF's decision to fund Tor's early development. One of her key stated aims is to make Tor more in order to bring wider access to anonymous web browsing.In July 2016 the complete board of the Tor Project resigned, and announced a new board, made up of, Linus Nordberg, Megan Price,.

Usage Web-based in January 2015 CategoryPercentage. Further information:Tor enables its users to surf the Internet, chat and send instant messages anonymously, and is used by a wide variety of people for both licit and illicit purposes. Tor has, for example, been used by criminal enterprises, groups, and law enforcement agencies at cross purposes, sometimes simultaneously; likewise, agencies within the U.S. Government variously fund Tor (the, the National Science Foundation, and – through the Broadcasting Board of Governors, which itself partially funded Tor until October 2012 – ) and seek to subvert it.Tor is not meant to completely solve the issue of anonymity on the web.

Tor is not designed to completely erase tracks but instead to reduce the likelihood for sites to trace actions and data back to the user.Tor is also used for illegal activities, e.g., to gain access to information, to organize political activities, or to circumvent laws against criticism of heads of state.Tor has been described by, in relation to and, as being 'a dark corner of the web'. It has been targeted by the American and the British agencies, albeit with marginal success, and more successfully by the British in its Operation Notarise. At the same time, GCHQ has been using a tool named 'Shadowcat' for 'end-to-end encrypted access to VPS over SSH using the Tor network'. Tor can be used for anonymous defamation, unauthorized of sensitive information, distribution of illegal sexual content, selling, weapons, and stolen credit card numbers, bank fraud, and the exchange of; the utilizes the Tor infrastructure, at least in part, in conjunction with Bitcoin. It has also been used to brick devices.In its complaint against of Silk Road, the US acknowledged that Tor has 'known legitimate uses'. According to, Tor's anonymity function is 'endorsed by the (EFF) and other civil liberties groups as a method for and human rights workers to communicate with journalists'.

EFF's Surveillance Self-Defense guide includes a description of where Tor fits in a larger strategy for protecting privacy and anonymity.In 2014, the EFF's told BusinessWeek magazine that 'Tor’s biggest problem is press. No one hears about that time someone wasn't stalked by their abuser. They hear how somebody got away with downloading child porn.' The Tor Project states that Tor users include 'normal people' who wish to keep their Internet activities private from websites and advertisers, people concerned about cyber-spying, users who are evading censorship such as activists, journalists, and military professionals. As of November 2013, Tor had about four million users. According to the Wall Street Journal, in 2012 about 14% of Tor's traffic connected from the United States, with people in 'Internet-censoring countries' as its second-largest user base. Tor is increasingly used by victims of and the and agencies that assist them, even though shelter workers may or may not have had professional training on cybersecurity matters.

Properly deployed, however, it precludes digital stalking, which has increased due to the prevalence of digital media in contemporary life. Along with, Tor is used by news organizations such as, and to protect the privacy of whistleblowers.In March 2015 the released a briefing which stated that 'There is widespread agreement that banning online anonymity systems altogether is not seen as an acceptable policy option in the U.K.' And that 'Even if it were, there would be technical challenges.' The report further noted that Tor 'plays only a minor role in the online viewing and distribution of indecent images of children' (due in part to its inherent latency); its usage by the, the utility of its onion services for, and its circumvention of the of China were touted.Tor's executive director, Andrew Lewman, also said in August 2014 that agents of the NSA and the GCHQ have anonymously provided Tor with bug reports.The Tor Project's FAQ offers supporting reasons for the EFF's endorsement:Criminals can already do bad things.

Since they're willing to break laws, they already have lots of options available that provide better privacy than Tor provides.Tor aims to provide protection for ordinary people who want to follow the law. Only criminals have privacy right now, and we need to fix that.So yes, criminals could in theory use Tor, but they already have better options, and it seems unlikely that taking Tor away from the world will stop them from doing their bad things. At the same time, Tor and other privacy measures can fight identity theft, physical crimes like stalking, and so on. About how Tor works, byTor aims to conceal its users' identities and their online activity from surveillance and traffic analysis by separating identification and routing. It is an implementation of, which encrypts and then randomly bounces communications through a network of relays run by volunteers around the globe. These onion routers employ in a multi-layered manner (hence the onion metaphor) to ensure between relays, thereby providing users with anonymity in network location.

That anonymity extends to the hosting of censorship-resistant content by Tor's anonymous onion service feature. Furthermore, by keeping some of the entry relays (bridge relays) secret, users can evade that relies upon blocking public Tor relays.Because the of the sender and the recipient are not both in at any hop along the way, anyone eavesdropping at any point along the communication channel cannot directly identify both ends. Furthermore, to the recipient it appears that the last Tor (called the exit node), rather than the sender, is the originator of the communication.Originating traffic. A visual depiction of the traffic between some Tor relay from the programA Tor user's -aware applications can be configured to direct their network traffic through a Tor instance's SOCKS interface, which is listening on TCP port 9150 at. Tor periodically creates virtual circuits through the Tor network through which it can and onion-route that traffic to its destination.

Once inside a Tor network, the traffic is sent from router to router along the circuit, ultimately reaching an exit node at which point the packet is available and is forwarded on to its original destination. Viewed from the destination, the traffic appears to originate at the Tor exit node. See also:Tor can also provide anonymity to websites and other servers. Servers configured to receive inbound connections only through Tor are called onion services (formerly, hidden services).

Rather than revealing a server's IP address (and thus its network location), an onion service is accessed through its, usually via the. The Tor network understands these addresses by looking up their corresponding and introduction points from a within the network. It can route data to and from onion services, even those hosted behind or (NAT), while preserving the anonymity of both parties. Tor is necessary to access these onion services.Onion services were first specified in 2003 and have been deployed on the Tor network since 2004. Other than the database that stores the onion service descriptors, Tor is decentralized by design; there is no direct readable list of all onion services, although a number of onion services catalog publicly known onion addresses.Because onion services route their traffic entirely through the Tor network, connection to an onion service is encrypted end-to-end and not subject to eavesdropping. There are, however, security issues involving Tor onion services.

For example, services that are reachable through Tor onion services and the public Internet are susceptible to correlation attacks and thus not perfectly hidden. Other pitfalls include misconfigured services (e.g. Identifying information included by default in web server error responses), uptime and downtime statistics, intersection attacks, and user error. The OnionScan program, written by independent security researcher, comprehensively examines onion services for numerous flaws and vulnerabilities.

(Lewis has also pioneered the field of onion dildonics, inasmuch as can be insecurely connected over the Internet.)Onion services can also be accessed from a standard web browser without connection to the Tor network, using services like. Popular sources of links include, and other.

Further information: Nyx status monitor Nyx (formerly ARM) is a status monitor written in for Tor. This functions much like does for system usage, providing real time statistics for:. resource usage (bandwidth, cpu, and memory usage). general relaying information (nickname, fingerprint, flags, or/dir/controlports). event log with optional filtering and deduplication. connections correlated against Tor's consensus data (ip, connection types, relay details, etc.). torrc configuration file with and validationMost of Nyx's attributes are configurable through an optional armrc.

It runs on any platform supported by including, and other variants.The project began in the summer of 2009, and since 18 July 2010 it has been an official part of the Tor Project. It is, available under the. Weaknesses Like all current, Tor cannot and does not attempt to protect against monitoring of traffic at the boundaries of the Tor network (i.e., the traffic entering and exiting the network). While Tor does provide protection against, it cannot prevent traffic confirmation (also called end-to-end correlation).In spite of known weaknesses and attacks listed here, a 2009 study revealed Tor and the alternative network system (Java Anon Proxy, JAP) are considered more resilient to website fingerprinting techniques than other.The reason for this is conventional single-hop protocols do not need to reconstruct packet data nearly as much as a multi-hop service like Tor or JonDonym. Website fingerprinting yielded greater than 90% accuracy for identifying packets on conventional VPN protocols versus Tor which yielded only 2.96% accuracy. However, some protocols like and required a large amount of data before HTTP packets were identified.Researchers from the developed a network scanner allowing identification of 86% of live Tor 'bridges' with a single scan.

Eavesdropping Autonomous system (AS) eavesdropping If an (AS) exists on both path segments from a client to entry relay and from exit relay to destination, such an AS can statistically correlate traffic on the entry and exit segments of the path and potentially infer the destination with which the client communicated. In 2012, LASTor proposed a method to predict a set of potential ASes on these two segments and then avoid choosing this path during path selection algorithm on client side.

In this paper, they also improve latency by choosing shorter geographical paths between client and destination. Exit node eavesdropping In September 2007, Dan Egerstad, a Swedish security consultant, revealed he had intercepted usernames and passwords for e-mail accounts by operating and monitoring Tor exit nodes. As Tor cannot encrypt the traffic between an exit node and the target server, any exit node is in a position to capture traffic passing through it that does not use such as (SSL) or (TLS). While this may not inherently breach the anonymity of the source, traffic intercepted in this way by self-selected third parties can expose information about the source in either or both of payload and protocol data. Furthermore, Egerstad is circumspect about the possible subversion of Tor by intelligence agencies:If you actually look in to where these Tor nodes are hosted and how big they are, some of these nodes cost thousands of dollars each month just to host because they're using lots of bandwidth, they're heavy-duty servers and so on.

Who would pay for this and be anonymous?In October 2011, a research team from claimed to have discovered a way to compromise the Tor network by decrypting communication passing over it. The technique they describe requires creating a map of Tor network nodes, controlling one third of them, and then acquiring their encryption and algorithm.

Then, using these known keys and seeds, they claim the ability to decrypt two encryption layers out of three. They claim to break the third key by a statistical-based attack. In order to redirect Tor traffic to the nodes they controlled, they used a attack. A response to this claim has been published on the official Tor Blog stating these rumours of Tor's compromise are greatly exaggerated. Traffic-analysis attack There are two methods of traffic-analysis attack, passive and active. In passive traffic-analysis method, the attacker extracts features from the traffic of a specific flow on one side of the network and looks for those features on the other side of the network.

In active traffic-analysis method, the attacker alters the timings of the packets of a flow according to a specific pattern and looks for that pattern on the other side of the network; therefore, the attacker can link the flows in one side to the other side of the network and break the anonymity of it. It is shown, although timing noise is added to the packets, there are active traffic analysis methods robust against such a noise.and George Danezis from presented an article at the 2005 on security and privacy on traffic-analysis techniques that allow adversaries with only a partial view of the network to infer which nodes are being used to relay the anonymous streams. These techniques greatly reduce the anonymity provided by Tor. Murdoch and Danezis have also shown that otherwise unrelated streams can be linked back to the same initiator. This attack, however, fails to reveal the identity of the original user. Murdoch has been working with and has been funded by Tor since 2006.Tor exit node block Operators of Internet sites have the ability to prevent traffic from Tor exit nodes or to offer reduced functionality to Tor users. For example, it is not generally possible to edit when using Tor or when using an IP address also used by a Tor exit node.

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The blocks the IP addresses of all known Tor guards and exit nodes from its service, although relays and bridges are not blocked. Bad apple attack In March 2011, researchers with the Rocquencourt (Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique, INRIA), documented an attack that is capable of revealing the IP addresses of users on the Tor network. The 'bad apple attack' exploits Tor's design and takes advantage of insecure application use to associate the simultaneous use of a secure application with the IP address of the Tor user in question. English to english. One method of attack depends on control of an exit node or hijacking tracker responses, while a secondary attack method is based in part on the statistical exploitation of tracking. According to the study:The results presented in the bad apple attack research paper are based on an attack in the wild launched against the Tor network by the authors of the study. The attack targeted six exit nodes, lasted for twenty-three days, and revealed a total of 10,000 IP addresses of active Tor users. This study is significant because it is the first documented attack designed to target file-sharing applications on Tor.

BitTorrent may generate as much as 40% of all traffic on Tor. Furthermore, the bad apple attack is effective against insecure use of any application over Tor, not just BitTorrent.

Some protocols expose IP addresses Researchers from the (INRIA) showed that the Tor dissimulation technique in can be bypassed by attackers controlling a Tor exit node. The study was conducted by monitoring six exit nodes for a period of twenty-three days. Researches used three: Inspection of BitTorrent control messages Tracker announces and extension protocol handshakes may optionally contain client. Analysis of collected data revealed that 35% and 33% of messages, respectively, contained addresses of clients.: 3 Hijacking trackers' responses Due to lack of encryption or authentication in communication between tracker and peer, typical allow attackers to determine peer IP addresses and even verify the distribution of content. Such attacks work when Tor is used only for tracker communication.: 4 Exploiting distributed hash tables (DHT) This attack exploits the fact that (DHT) connections through Tor are impossible, so an attacker is able to reveal a target's IP address by looking it up in the DHT even if the target uses Tor to connect to other peers.: 4–5With this technique, researchers were able to identify other streams initiated by users, whose IP addresses were revealed. Sniper attack Jansen et al., describe a attack targeted at the Tor node software, as well as defenses against that attack and its variants.

The attack works using a colluding client and server, and filling the queues of the exit node until the node runs out of memory, and hence can serve no other (genuine) clients. By attacking a significant proportion of the exit nodes this way, an attacker can degrade the network and increase the chance of targets using nodes controlled by the attacker. Heartbleed bug The disrupted the Tor network for several days in April 2014 while were renewed. The Tor Project recommended Tor relay operators and onion service operators revoke and generate fresh keys after patching OpenSSL, but noted Tor relays use two sets of keys and Tor's multi-hop design minimizes the impact of exploiting a single relay. 586 relays later found to be susceptible to the Heartbleed bug were taken off-line as a precautionary measure. Relay early traffic confirmation attack On 30 July 2014 the Tor Project issued the security advisory 'relay early traffic confirmation attack' in which the project discovered a group of relays that tried to deanonymize onion service users and operators.In summary, the attacking onion service directory node changed the headers of cells being relayed tagging them as 'relay' or 'relay early' cells differently to encode additional information and sent them back to the requesting user/operator. If the user's/operator's guard/entry node was also part of the attacking relays, the attacking relays might be able to capture the IP address of the user/operator along with the onion service information that the user/operator was requesting.

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Further information:, and Mouse fingerprinting In March 2016 a security researcher based in, demonstrated laboratory techniques using time measurement via at the 1- level could potentially identify and correlate a user's unique movements provided the user has visited the same 'fingerprinting' website with both the Tor browser and a regular browser. This exploits the 'time measurement via JavaScript' issue which has been an open ticket on the Tor Project for ten months. Circuit fingerprinting attack In 2015, the administrators of, a, announced they were taking the site offline in response to a recently discovered security vulnerability in Tor. They did not say what the vulnerability was, but Wired speculated it was the 'Circuit Fingerprinting Attack' presented at the Usenix security conference. Volume information A study showed 'anonymization solutions protect only partially against target selection that may lead to efficient surveillance' as they typically 'do not hide the volume information necessary to do target selection'. Implementations The main implementation of Tor is written primarily in, along with, and several other programming languages, and consists of 540,751 lines of as of March 2016.

Tor Browser Tor Browser. and later. (inc.

)55–75 MBAvailable in32 languages,WebsiteThe Tor Browser, previously known as the Tor Browser Bundle (TBB), is the flagship product of the Tor Project. It consists of a modified web browser, the TorButton, TorLauncher, and Firefox extensions and the Tor proxy.

Users can run the Tor Browser from. It can operate under Microsoft Windows, macOS, or Linux.The Tor Browser automatically starts Tor background processes and routes traffic through the Tor network. Upon termination of a session the browser deletes privacy-sensitive data such as and the browsing history.Following a series of, Stuart Dredge (writing in in November 2013) recommended using the Tor Browser to avoid eavesdropping and retain privacy on the Internet. Firefox / Tor browser attack In 2011, the investigating found out the IP address of a Tor onion service site called 'Pedoboard' from an unprotected administrator's account and gave it to the who traced it to Aaron McGrath. and later. (inc.

)Available inEnglishWebsiteOn 29 October 2015, the Tor Project released Tor Messenger Beta, an instant messaging program based on with Tor and built in and used by default. Like and, Tor Messenger supports multiple different instant messaging protocols; however, it accomplishes this without relying on libpurple, implementing all chat protocols in the memory-safe language JavaScript instead.In April 2018, the Tor Project shut down the Tor Messenger project because the developers of Instantbird discontinued support for their own software. The Tor Messenger developers explained that overcoming any vulnerabilities discovered in the future would be impossible due to the project relying on outdated software dependencies. Third-party applications (formerly Azureus) client, anonymous messaging system, and instant messenger include Tor support.is actively developing a free and open-source suite of applications and firmware for the to improve the security of mobile communications. The applications include instant messaging client, Tor implementation, Orweb (discontinued) privacy-enhanced mobile browser, Orfox, the mobile counterpart of the Tor Browser, ProxyMob, and ObscuraCam. Security-focused operating systems Several like GNU/Linux distributions including, and, make extensive use of Tor.

Reception, impact, and legislation. Retrieved: 21 May 2007. (1 November 1995). Applied Cryptography.

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(25 January 1995). Bacard, Andre (1 January 1995). Computer Privacy Handbook.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to. presentation at the 31st Chaos Computer Conference., a dynamic visualization of data flowing over the Tor network. in a 2016 presentation at the 32nd Annual. in The Netherlands on anonymity systems in 2016. in Canada: Tor's Circuit-Layer Cryptography: Attacks, Hacks, and Improvements.